Titanic: wad the design at fault?

Titanic Disaster, one of the worst maritime disasters in history. The luxury liner Titanic (46,000 gross tons) on its maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City struck an iceberg about 153 km (about 95 mi) south of the Grand Banks off NewFoundLAndjust before midnight on April 14, 1912. Of the more than 2,220 persons aboard, about 1,513 died, including the American millionaires John Jacob Astor, Benjamin Guggenheim, and Isidor Struas The Titanic sailed under British registry as part of the White Star Line.

The ship had been proclaimed unsinkable because of its 16 watertight compartments. Nevertheless, the iceberg sufficiently damaged the Titanic to make it sink in less than three hours. Subsequent investigations found that the ship had been steaming too fast in dangerous waters, that the captain had ignored radio transmissions warning of ice, that lifeboat space had been provided for only about half of the passengers and crew, and that the Californian, close to the scene, had not come to the rescue because its radio operator was off duty and asleep. These findings led to many reforms, such as lifeboat space for every person on a ship, lifeboat drills, the maintenance of a full-time radio watch while at sea, and an international ice patrol.

The ship had been proclaimed unsinkable because of its 16 watertight compartments. Nevertheless, the iceberg sufficiently damaged the Titanic to make it sink in less than three hours. Subsequent investigations found that the ship had been steaming too fast in dangerous waters, that the captain had ignored radio transmissions warning of ice, that lifeboat space had been provided for only about half of the passengers and crew, and that the Californian, close to the scene, had not come to the rescue because its radio operator was off duty and asleep. These findings led to many reforms, such as lifeboat space for every person on a ship, lifeboat drills, the maintenance of a full-time radio watch while at sea, and an international ice patrol.

Pictures

Tickets.

Titanic room.

One of titanic’s engines

What happend to the Titanic

The Titanic rested undisturbed at the bottom of the sea in ruins.  In March of 1914, a Denver inventor located the site of the Titanic with plans to raise it, but was unable to complete the task.  A man named Jack Grimm searched for the Titanic three times, but never found it.  Finally, on September 1, 1985, Dr. Robert Ballard and his team discovered the Titanic 12,460 feet down on the ocean floor.  After they realized that they had found the Titanic, they had a memorial for all the people that died in the sinking.  After the memorial, they looked at what they had found.  They reported that the smokestacks were missing, and the ship was in two pieces.  About a year later, Robert Ballard made a small submarine named Alvin, and visited the wreck.  On their first journey to the Titanic, they saw that it was covered in rust.  There was still a bench, a light fixture and even some men’s boots.  Robert Ballard left a plaque asking future explorers to leave the Titanic in peace.  So, today, it still lies where it sank.

Time line

7:30am, Wednesday, April 10, 1912 – Captain Edward J. Smith boards the Titanic for its maiden voyage. He also announces his retirement and that this would be his final voyage.

Noon – Titanic departs from Southampton, England, but not before narrowly avoiding a collision with the New York, whose mooring lines snap in Titanic’s wake. Tugboats push the New York aside.

April 10, 6:30 pm – Titanic arrives in Cherbourg, France and anchors 2 miles offshore. Small tenders bring aboard more mail and passengers. Some of the wealthiest and best known passengers boarded in Cherbourg.

Afternoon of April 11 – Titanic makes its final stop in Queenstown, Ireland before the Atlantic crossing. A large number of third class passengers emigrating to the United States board the ship.

Friday, April 12 – The Titanic is well out in the Atlantic running at 21 knots. By noon Saturday, April 13, Titanic covered approximately 805 miles. The first ice warning was received on April 12. By the 14th, Titanic would receive eight ice warnings.

April 14, 9:00pm – Captain Smith joins 2nd officer Charles Lightoller on the bridge. After a conversation, both agree that they will see anything large enough to damage the ship in time to take action. Smith leaves the bridge with the words “If in the least bit doubtful let me know.”

10:00pm – 1st Officer Murdoch takes over on the bridge, and Lightoller goes to his cabin.

10:21pm – The nearby ship Californian comes upon the ice field, Captain Lord decides to stop and wait out the night. With 24 of 29 boilers fired, the Titanic is running at 22 knots, the highest speed it had ever achieved.

11:00pm – Californian sends ice warning to Titanic. Titanic’s operators, who are backlogged with passenger messages, send back a reply of “Shut up, shut up I’m busy.” Lookouts Fleet and Lee shiver in the cold night air in the lookout tower. The whereabouts of their binoculars is unknown after a change of crew in Southampton, so Fleet and Lee make do without.

11:40pm – Fleet sees a large iceberg dead ahead of the bow and signals the bridge. Sixth Officer Moody acknowledges the message and relays to First Officer Murdock, who instinctively orders hard to port and telegraphs the engine room to stop all engines. He also closes the watertight doors. Unfortunately, the iceberg scrapes the Titanic under the waterline for more than 300 feet. The scrape opens up five of the front compartments and floods the coal bunker servicing boiler number nine.

11:55pm – After inspection reports to Thomas Andrews, the ship designer, Captain Smith knows the worst… the Titanic is sinking with more than 2,200 people on board.

12:15am, April 15 – Titanic begins sending out distress signals. By 1:00am, numerous ships have heard the Titanic’s distress signal and many are on their way to assist, including Carpathia, which is 44 miles to the Southeast.

12:25am – Captain Smith gives the order to begin loading the lifeboats with women and children. If every lifeboat is filled to capacity, there is only enough room for 1,178 people out of the estimated 2,227 on board.

12:45am – Starboard lifeboat #7 is lowered with only 28 of its 65-person capacity full. Crew begins launching distress rockets off the Boat deck.1:15am – Water has reached Titanic’s name on the bow of the boat. Seven boats have now been lowered.

1:30am – Signs of panic begin to appear as boat #14 is lowered. Officer Lowe is forced to fire three warning shots to keep a group of unruly passengers from jumping into the already full boat.

1:40am – Most of the boats have been launched and remaining passengers begin to move to the stern area.

2:00am – Water is 10 feet below the Promenade Deck. Captain Smith releases the wireless operators from duty.

2:17am – Titanic’s bow plunges under. A minute later a huge roar is heard as all movable objects inside Titanic crash toward the submerged bow. The lights blink once and then go out. The ship is now almost perpendicular, then snaps in two between the third and fourth funnel. The bow slips into the Atlantic. The stern crashes on the surface and for a moment rights itself. Within a few seconds, however, the stern turns upward pointing to the sky and finally sinks to the bottom of the cold Atlantic.

4:10am – The first lifeboat is picked up by Carpathia. By 8:50am all the lifeboats are aboard and Carpathia leaves the searching for other survivors to other vessels as it heads to New York with 705 survivors.

Could more people have been saved?

Some of the “safety measures in use today” are due to the fact that the Titanic sunk. More life boats, ice patrol exploding icebergs before they are a problem and even “lifebelts” in the north atlantic, as I understand it, are somewhat like an insulated diving suit of sorts and drills are mandatory.

But given that we would have all the same technology and devices at hand. First, there most likely would not be an accident due to the Ice Patrol. But if there were, in light of the recent rescue of the folks from Seabreeze and the USS COle, secondly, I believe that with the availability of more lifeboats more lives would have been saved for several reasons, insulated lifebelt equipment would have allowed those who abandoned ship to be able to withstand the cold better until help came, even a ships travel time would offer the Titanic a better chance, plus better communications and satellite locators to pinpoint the exact location.

The amendment in place giving women equal rights would have offered the men a better survival rate and I believe at the wsame time, a better survival rate for married women who were afraid to leave or refused to leave their husbands.

The technology for being able to tow a ship the size of Titanic is there, so even the ability to tow the ship would be there. However. no one can change the architecture of the ship or the rate it was taking on water, so it is hard to say whether or not the entire ship could be saved. I think our technology has the equipment to have pumped out the water, but the question would be if we could get it there in time to keep the ship afloat. Even with the USS Cole and its watertight compartments were having a tough time and that was with their own equipment aboard and closing off hatches.

So the question your looking for is yes.So, I guess my answer to your question is that yes, I think with helicopter rescues, extra lifeboats, special saftey equipment aboard and mandatory drills now in place that more passengers and crew would have been saved. I believe that with the present equality that now exists that not only would the composition of passengers have been different.

Izhar’s print: Titanic

Who are we to blame? 

For more info go here:http://www.historyonthenet.com/Titanic/blame.htm

“We have struck iceberg … sinking fast … come to our assistance.”

The ship was doomed and it was slowly sliding into its watery grave. But why did the largest, most advanced ship of the century sink?

It was Captain Smith’s fault

This was Captain E. J. Smith’s retirement trip. All he had to do was get to New York in record time. Captain E. J. Smith said years before the Titanic’s voyage, “I cannot imagine any condition which would cause a ship to founder. Modern shipbuilding has gone beyond that.” Captain Smith ignored seven iceberg warnings from his crew and other ships. If he had called for the ship to slow down then maybe the Titanic disaster would not have happened.

 

It was the shipbuilder’s fault

 About three million rivets were used to hold the sections of the Titanic together. Some rivets have been recovered from the wreck and analysed. The findings show that they were made of sub-standard iron. When the ship hit the iceberg, the force of the impact caused the heads of the rivets to break and the sections of the Titanic to come apart. If good quality iron rivets had been used the sections may have stayed together and the ship may not have sunk.

 

It was Bruce Ismay’s fault

Bruce Ismay was the Managing Director of the White Star Line and he was aboard the Titanic. Competition for Atlantic passengers was fierce and the White Star Line wanted to show that they could make a six-day crossing. To meet this schedule the Titanic could not afford to slow down. It is believed that Ismay put pressure on Captain Smith to maintain the speed of the ship.

 

It was Thomas Andrews’ fault

The belief that the ship was unsinkable was, in part, due to the fact that the Titanic had sixteen watertight compartments. However, the compartments did not reach as high as they should have done. The White Star Line did not want them to go all the way up because this would have reduced living space in first class. If Mr Andrews, the ship’s architect, had insisted on making them the correct height then maybe the Titanic would not have sunk.

 

It was Captain Lord’s Fault

The final iceberg warning sent to Titanic was from the Californian. Captained by Stanley Lord, she had stopped for the night about 19 miles north of Titanic. At around 11.15, Californian’s radio operator turned off the radio and went to bed. Sometime after midnight the crew on watch reported seeing rockets being fired into the sky from a big liner. Captain Lord was informed but it was concluded that the ship was having a party. No action was taken by the Californian. If the Californian had turned on the radio she would have heard the distress messages from Titanic and would have been able to reach the ship in time to save all passengers.

 

Titanic: Izhar’s print

Titanic: Mariams’s print

Its Bruce iSMAY’S FAULT

J. Bruce Ismay at the time of the disaster, as chairman and managing director of the White Star Line, was held to blame for the loss of the Titanic by the American press; especially those controlled by William Randolph Hearst, a newspaper magnate and one of the richest and most powerful men in America. Ismay had met Hearst years before, when he was White Star’s agent in New York. The two men disliked each other intensely and Ismay’s refusal to cooperate with the press infuriated the newspaperman storing up problems for the future. Almost twenty years after their first meeting it was the Hearst syndicated press who prosecuted a vicious campaign against him, a full-page cartoon depicting Ismay in a lifeboat watching the sinking Titanic and captioned, “This is J. Brute Ismay” and “We respectfully suggest that the emblem of the White Star be changed to that of a yellow liver.” The Denver Post, another member of his syndicated press, published the following prose on 19 April 1912

J. Bruce Ismay did not order or put pressure on the commander or chief engineer to make a record passage to New York for the Titanic’s maiden voyage. On the North Atlantic there were defined lanes or tracks which all passenger and cargo liners followed. The northern track, taken during the months of August to December, was approximately 200 miles shorter than the southern, used between January to July. The Titanic was sailing on the southern track, as her sister had done in June 1911. The Titanic, in common with her sister, adopted White Star’s policy of vessels of huge size and moderate speed, affording great comfort to their passengers. All thoughts of Atlantic speed records had been given up decades before, and far from the imagination of a few deluded passengers, speed records in ships not designed for high speed, was a costly venture both in fuel and potential engine damage. Several of the Titanic’s boilers had not been lit and because of the problem of fuel supply connected with the coal strike in Britain, economy was the watchword for this particular voyage. It was, and always had been, impractical for anyone to order the master of a transatlantic liner to arrive at a port ahead of schedule. The time for docking the vessel, supplying coal, water, fresh food and not least the arrangements made for hotel bookings and railway connections by her passengers, would all be upset. Some years ago an interesting collection of letters was discovered written between J. Bruce Ismay and various directors of the IMMC [International Mercantile Marine Company], which reveal that the directors of IMMC in New York wanted the Olympic to arrive ahead of her scheduled date, rather than Ismay, who rejected these moves; proving that White Star’s chairman wished to pursue company policy by keeping the transatlantic service running to its established timetable.
                                        

Thomas Hardy’s The withered arm

 born June 2, 1840, Higher Bockhampton, Dorset, Eng.
died Jan. 11, 1928, Dorchester, Dorset

Thomas Hardy made this book on 1888

Biology about Thomas Hardy

He made books called:

Absent-Mindedness in a Parish Choir  (1891)

Alicia’s Diary (1887)

Andrey Satchel and the Parson and Clerk  (1891)

Anna, Lady Baxby (1890)

Barbara Of The House Of Grebe (1890)

Blue Jimmy: The Horse Stealer (1911)

A Changed Man (1900)

A Committee-Man of “The Terror” (1896)

Destiny and a Blue Cloak (1874)

The Distracted Preacher (1879)

The Doctor’s Legend (1891)

The Duchess of Hamptonshire  (1878)

The Duke’s Reappearance (1896)

Enter a Dragoon (1900)

Fellow-Townsmen (1880)

A Few Crusted Characters: Introduction (1891)

The Fiddler of the Reels (1893)

The First Countess of Wessex (1889)

For Conscience’ Sake (1891)

The Grave By The Handpost (1897)

The History of the Hardcomes (1891)

The Honourable Laura (1881)

How I Built Myself A House (1865)

An Imaginative Woman (1894)

Incident in Mr. Crookhill’s Life (1891)

Interlopers At The Knap (1884)

The Lady Icenway (1890)

Lady Mottisfont  (1890)

The Lady Penelope (1890)

The Marchioness of Stonehenge (1890)

Master John Horseleigh, Knight (1893)

The Melancholy Hussar of The German Legion (1890)

A Mere Interlude (1885)

Netty Sargent’s Copyhold (1891)

Old Andrey’s Experience as a Musician (1891)

Old Mrs. Chundle (1929)

On The Western Circuit (1891)

Our Exploits At West Poley  (1892-1893)

The Romantic Adventures Of A Milkmaid (1883)

The Son’s Veto (1891)

The Spectre of the Real (1894)

Squire Petrick’s Lady (1890)

The Superstitious Man’s Story (1891)

The Thieves Who Couldn’t Help Sneezing  (1877)

The Three Strangers (1883)

Tony Kytes, the Arch-Deceiver (1891)

To Please His Wife (1891)

A Tradition of Eighteen Hundred and Four  (1882)

A Tragedy Of Two Ambitions  (1888)

A Tryst At An Ancient Earthwork  (1885)

The Unconquerable  (1992)

The Waiting Supper (1887-1888)

What The Shepherd Saw (1881)

The Winters And The Palmleys (1891)

The withered arm(1888)   

He lived in the country side for all his life and wrote storys about county people.He and his family had some harsh times so he wrote of unhappy storries.

Thomas Hardy was born at Higher Bockhampton, Dorset, on June 2, 1840, where his father worked as a master mason and builder. From his father he gained an appreciation of music, and from his mother an appetite for learning and the delights of the countryside about his rural home.

Hardy was frail as a child, and did not start at the village school until he was eight years old. One year later he transferred to a new school in the county town of Dorchester.

At the age of 16 Hardy helped his father with the architectural drawings for a restoration of Woodsford Castle. The owner, architect James Hicks, was impressed by the younger Hardy’s work, and took him on as an apprentice.

Hardy later moved to London to work for prominent architect Arthur Blomfield. He began writing, but his poems were rejected by a number of publishers. Although he enjoyed life in London, Hardy’s health was poor, and he was forced to return to Dorset.

Cubism

Whats Cubism?

Cubism is the most radical, innovative, and influential ism of twentieth-century art. It is complete denial of Classical conception of beauty.

   Cubism was the joint invention of two men, Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque. Their achievement was built the foundation of Picasso’s early work then developed to a Synthetic Cubism. As the various phases of Cubism emerged from their studios, it became clear to the art world that something of great significance was happening. The radical innovations of the new style confused the public, but the avant-garde saw in them the future of art and new challenge.

Marc Chagal

     Marc Chagall was a Russian painter of Jewish origin. He was born Moishe Zakharovich Shagalov in Vitsebsk, Belarus. He was one of the most important artists of surrealism, and in his works can be seen the resonance of fantasy and dreams.

     He was the oldest of nine children in the close-knit Jewish family led by his father, a herring merchant Khatskl (Zakhar) Shagal. This period of his life, described as happy though impoverished, appears in references throughout Chagall’s work. He studied painting in 1906 under famed local artist Yehuda (Yudl) Pen and moved to St. Petersburg in 1907 to join the school of the Society of Art Supporters. There he studied under Nikolai Roerich. From 1908-1910 he studied under Leon Bakst at Zvantseva’s School.

     After becoming known as an artist, he left St. Petersburg to join the gathering of artists in the Montparnasse Quarter of Paris, France. In 1914, he returned to Vitebsk and married his fiancée, Bella. World War I erupted while Chagall was in Russia. Chagall became an active participant in the Russian Revolution of 1917. The Soviet Ministry of Culture made him a Commissar of Art for the Vitebsk region, where he founded an art school. He did not fare well politically under the Soviet system. He and his wife moved to Moscow in 1920 and back to Paris in 1923.

     With the German Nazi occupation of France during World War II, and the deportation of Jews to the Nazis death camps Marc Chagall had to flee from France. With the assistance of the American journalist Varian Fry he hid at Villa Air-Bel in Marseilles before Fry helped him escape from France. In 1941, the Chagalls settled in the USA. 1944, his wife Bella, the constant subject of his paintings and companion of his life, died from an illness.

     He worked with Virginia Haggard through intense years and rediscovered a free and vibrant color. His works of this period are dedicated to love and the joy of life, with curved, sinuous figures. He also began to work in sculpture, ceramics, and stained glass. Chagall remarried in 1952 to Valentina Brodsky. He traveled several times to Greece, and in 1957 visited Israel.

     Major works include “I and the Village” (1911), “Green Violinist” (1923-24, Guggenheim Museum, New York), “The Birthday” (1915), “Solitude” (1933, Tel-Aviv Museum). Today, a Chagall painting can sell for more than US$6 million. His work can be found in the Paris Opera, First National Bank Plaza of downtown Chicago, New York Metropolitan Opera House, cathedral of Metz France, and a small church in Mainz.

     He died on March 28, 1985 and is buried in the Saint Paul Town Cemetery, Saint-Paul de Vence (near Nice), France. 

 Gallery

                                                                                                            

To see more artist go to this web:

www.huntfor.com/arthistory/C20th/cubism.htm